Health
Inherited Risk of Alzheimer’s is Far Greater Than Previously Known: Study
Alzheimer’s disease, with its hereditary component, sees new discoveries linking genetic compositions potentially involved in its development and onset.
United States: Alzheimer’s disease is called like the earlier known information, but instead of being genetically transmitted in a direct way, it is likely genetically transmitted in an intellectual way.
It was revealed by a recent study, which has now portrayed a clearer picture of a gene that has long been known to be associated with the common form of dementia.
More about the study
The researchers of the study published their findings in the journal Nature Medicine on Monday. It says that it is even considered a distinctive, inherited form of the disease, thereby needing a different way to test it, and further treatment would have been needed, as CNN Health reported.
Scientists find familial forms of the disease and sporadic cases in people who are diagnosed with Alzheimer’s. Most such cases are reported sporadically, where the disease develops itself in the later stages of life.
Such familial forms are found where these are caused by mutations occurring in any of the three genes, which tend to strike earlier. Their occurrence is said to be rare, just 2 percent of all Alzheimer’s diagnoses, or about 1 in 50 cases.
It is now generally accepted that some mutant genes may not carry all the faulty information needed to transmit the dreaded disease to any descendants, courtesy of a fourth gene that contains the instructions for making a protein called apolipoprotein E, or the APOE gene.
APOE delivers cholesterol impacts the entire body and brain and is presumably to control the deposition and dissolution of sticky beta-amyloid plaques, which also represent a feature of Alzheimer’s disease.
Coding for three varieties of the APOE gene are the three types of the APOE gene that a person can carry. It is being considered one E2 APOE type is protective against the Alzheimer’s onset. APOE3, a matter of opinion, has no effect whatsoever on the incidence of the illness.
How is APOE4 different?
On the other hand, APOE4 is a bad sign. People with one copy of the APOE4 gene have for many years been known to possess an elevated risk for Alzheimer’s disease, and people with two such copies – what is more, – a higher risk.
Now, scientists no longer treat the finding of APOE4 as a general risk factor but recognize it as a heritable form of the disease, allowing a person with two copies to have these brain changes similar to those of an Alzheimer’s patient, as CNN Health reported.
How was the study conducted?
In the study, the researchers from Spain and the US compared a group of people from various clinical studies with two copies of the APOE4 gene with the group of people who had other forms of the APOE gene.
They also compared people with two copies of APOE4 to people with other inherited forms of the disease: early-onset Alzheimer’s disease as a result of autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease(ADAD) and Down syndrome-induced Alzheimer’s disease(DSAD). The study analysis delved into the cognitive decline findings from the Brain/Cognition Against Alzheimer’s Disease database, which consists of nearly 3300 brains stored at the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center and data from another 10000 patients who took part in five recent clinical trials.
Not only were people with two copies of the APOE4 gene much more likely to develop the biological changes that lead to Alzheimer’s disease, similar to people with the other genetic forms of the disease, but they had almost assured the diagnosis: An amazing property of the APOE4 gene that was discovered in the studies was that nearly 95% of the people with two copies of the gene had already developed the biology of Alzheimer’s disease by the time they were 82 years old.
According to the study authors, the APOE4 gene always leads to the biological changes that are known to be the main cause of the disease: the creation of beta-amyloid layers in the brain. This, however, doesn’t necessarily mean getting a beta-amyloid plaque in the brain and the onset of neurodegeneration.
Uncommonly, people with APOE4 might still develop a lot of beta-amyloid in their brain and yet may remain unaffected; this could be due to counteracting genetic or environmental factors that shield their brains. In the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center established in May 2012, almost 3,300 brains are kept with the APOE4 gene in 273 subjects, and 240 out of this number (88 percent) have dementia.
United States: As experts note, if one skips a workout or stays up late, his/her brain might still be paying for it even two weeks from now.
The team of researchers from Aalto University and the University of Oulu in Finland have presented how our lifelong daily behaviors influence brain connectivity and how they remain remodeled throughout our lifespan, thus providing valuable grounds for understanding neural plasticity.
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Researchers are now very specific that the ways our brains communicate also change, rather than staying the same over a long time, in response to recent experiences over a long extended time period.
Moreover, they also rejected several principles of brain function stability and opened the consciousness of the influence of human daily habits on the neural network, studyfinds.org reported.
The particular experimental design of this study was examined in one subject over the span of five months and reported in PLOS Biology.
Are Your Daily Habits Remodeling Your Brain? Find Out! Credit | Adobe Stock
By acquiring a brain image every few days and integrating it with data donated by wearables and smartphones, the researchers were able to assess how such pre-mentioned variables as sleep quality, physical activity, mood, and even heart rate variability affect the connectivity of the brain.
Further details of the analysis
The participant, Ana Triana, was also the main researcher in the study and received thirty scans over fifteen weeks.
Each scan involved four different tasks: simple attention task, working memory task, resting state, and then execution of watching the movie.
This variation helped the researchers to trace how various types of brain activities changed along with everyday perceptions.
At the same time, monitoring devices of her sleep/wake cycle, physical movements, and data about her heart and breathing rates were collected.
Simple events can leave “echoes” in our brain for up to 15 days! 🧠@AnaM_Triana and her colleagues were tracking one person’s brain and behavioural activity for five months using brain scans and wearable technology.@JariSaramaki @MedicalReel @eglereanhttps://t.co/Mxm7qRsltF
— Aalto University (@AaltoUniversity) October 9, 2024
The mobile application is used to capture the moods and events of each day. This integration of brain scans and actigraphy gave us an extremely high-resolution picture of how daily experience and brain activity were related, studyfinds.org reported.
The study revealed two distinct patterns of brain response: A brief wave, which lasts for a period of up to seven days, and a long-term wave, which can go up to fifteen days.
Results of the study
One of the interesting outcomes was a strong connection between heart rate variability – which is a measure of the heart’s adaptability – and brain connectivity while resting.
It shows that activities that affect our body’s relaxation response, like stress management ways, can shape our brain wiring even when we’re not actively concentrating on a task.
United States: Obesity remains a huge problem for Americans as far as their health is concerned. New data received by the governments indicate severe obesity, a condition that involves storing far too much fat in the body, has risen to a great extent in the last decade.
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About 40 percent of the population in the US is obese, according to a 2021-2023 survey of about 6,000 people.
Overall, 9 percent of those polled said they were suffering from severe obesity, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Moreover, women were nearly two times as likely as men to report severe obesity.
The general obesity rate looked to have decreased in comparison to what was observed in the 2017-2020 survey. However, it was not considered as a statistically significant change.
US Obesity Crisis: 40% of Americans Now Obese – What’s Going On? Credit | USA TODAY
That is, the numbers are small enough that there exists a probability that the rates did not fall at all.
What more are the experts stating?
Dr. Samuel Emmerich conducted the latest study for CDC as a public health officer. He said it is still early to determine its impact on the disease, including new obesity treatments, which include weight-loss drugs like Wegovy and Zepbound.
What they found is that the combined obesity estimate of the United States in the last decade has not considerably altered.
According to Emmerich, “We simply can’t see down to that detailed level to prescription medication use and compare that to changes in obesity prevalence.”
The prevalence of severe obesity increased from nearly eight percent in the study between 2013 and 2014 to nearly 10 percent in the most recent study.
Prior to that, obesity rates had risen rapidly in the US since the 1990s, according to US federal research.
🇺🇸 — Nearly 40% of Americans are obese, with cases of severe obesity rising sharply, particularly among women, who are nearly twice as likely as men to be severely obese. In 23 states, more than 1 in 3 adults were obese.
🔗 Source
⚡️ @FolkishObserver | 📱 Follow pic.twitter.com/grwzoWKdTR
— Cod (@DocKnows097) October 2, 2024
Obesity and severe obesity are expressed in terms of BMI, which is calculated with the help of height and weight. The above BMI indicates that a person is obese, as per the Food and Drugs Administration.
Super obesity is defined as the condition when the person’s BMI is 40 or more.
Solveig Cunningham is a professor of global health at Emory University who is interested in obesity.
“Seeing increases in severe obesity is even more alarming because that’s the level of obesity that’s most highly associated with some of the highest levels of cardiovascular disease and diabetes and lower quality of life,” Cunningham added.
Cunningham also added that it is not apparent why severe obesity rates were higher among women.
United States: Recent reports about potential health risks and whether fluoride benefits are as big as once believed have prompted scrutiny of a public health practice – adding fluoride to water supplies.
This is because, as with some questions, the safety of the practice and new data raise questions about the value of fluoride.
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Adding fluoride to tap water produces only a slight benefit in reducing tooth decay in children’s baby teeth, a new report from the Cochrane Collaboration, an independent group reviewing scientific research, finds.
It is found that adding fluoride to tap water is a slight benefit, leading to slightly fewer cavities in children’s baby teeth, CNN Health reported.
One step in the right direction is to rid our water of fluoride!It’s toxic poison… M.A.H.A. 🇺🇸🦅💯🙌🏻M.A.H.A. https://t.co/WPog4DfVma
” IQ loss in children when exposed to what is presently considered “optimal levels” pic.twitter.com/jAxOFWJSjS— MrsCinkay (@MrsCinkay) October 7, 2024
More about the finding
Research done before 1975 had large benefits; children living in areas with fluoride added to their water averaged about one fewer primary teeth affected by decay than those of children living in areas without water fluoridation.
Those findings don’t apply to more current populations with increased access to other sources of fluoride and lower levels of dental disease at baseline.
Since the 1970s, fluoride-containing toothpaste has been widely available and is more often used.
According to the new report published this week, fluoride in water was tied to a difference in decay of only about a quarter of a tooth, on average, in more recent studies.
The federal judge, last month had asked the US Environmental Agency to further regulate fluoride in drinking water in response to concerns that fluoride may affect young children’s intellectual development, CNN Health reported.
In light of concerns about fluoride’s possible effect on young children’s intellectual development, a federal judge last month ordered that the EPA further regulate fluoride in drinking water.
Some foods and groundwater have fluoride, a mineral. It can help protect tooth enamel, which can erode with acids produced by plaque, bacteria, sugar, and other acids found in your mouth.
The USA began adding fluoride to public water systems in 1945.
Now, almost three-quarters of the US population, about two hundred and nine million people, are served by drinking water systems that have been fluoridated, according to data from the CDC.